PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of China			Permian Subages of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian												0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean											Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean	Yushean												3.6
		Zanclean	Baodean												4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian	Tunggurian												11.1
		Serravallian	Tunggurian												11.63
		Langhian	Shanwangian												13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian												15.98
		Burdigalian	Xiejiaan												16.9
		Aquitanian	Xiejiaan												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian			100.5
												Middle Albian			106.2 *
												Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian			113
		Aptian										Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian			139.8
												Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
												Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian										Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian						Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				Late Bajocian			168.2
									Humphresianum			Late Bajocian			168.4
									Humphresianum			Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian						Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			Late Toarcian			174.7
												Late Toarcian			180.1
												Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
								Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Middle Toarcian			182
								Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian						Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian						Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian										Sevatian			208.5
												Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian	Leine	Wordian			264.28
		Roadian		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian			Cathedralian			273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian			281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian			283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian			Lenoxian			286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian			290.1
		Asselian					Nealian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †		443.8
		Katian								Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian								Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian	477.7
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian	Lianghekou †		477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †		504.5
															509