PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Britain	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian						Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian						Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan						Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
			Hemingfordian						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
			Arikareean						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
										Monroecreekian				23.1 *
										Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan			Geringian				27.82
			Whitneyan											29.5
			Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan						Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan						Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian					Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
			Wasatchian						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
			Clarkforkian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian				Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian				Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian								To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian								To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian	Puercan								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian									66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic									100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian									125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †						298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †						303.7
		Kasimovian										305.9
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian								Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian								Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
			Cautleyan					448.9 *
			Pusgillian					449.3 *
			Caradoc				Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan		451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †		454.2 *
								Longvillian †			455.2 *
							Aurelucian	Longvillian †			456.8 *
							Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig		Fennian		468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian		470
					Whitlandian		471.1 *
					Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian		477.7
			Tremadoc		Cressagian		480.8 *
							485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †				497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †							504.5
														509