PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America		Devonian of France	Devonian Subages				Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean													0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean													0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean													0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian													0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian													0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan													1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian													4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian													9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian													11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian													12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
			Hemingfordian													16.3
			Arikareean													18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
			Whitneyan													29.5
			Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian													33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean													37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean													37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan													41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian													46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian													47.8
			Wasatchian													50.5
			Clarkforkian													54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian													56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian													56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian													59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian													60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian													61.6
		Danian	Puercan													63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian	Late Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian			Frasnian	Late Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	Late Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
						Middle Givetian			383.7 *
						Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian			Couvinien	Late Eifelian	Southwoodian		387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	Southwoodian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian			407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien	Pragian			408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian			410.8
						Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian						Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
								Dobrotivian				458.5 *
								Oretanian				459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian						Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian					Albertian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan				Stage 5 †							504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran				Stage 5 †							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran				Waucoban †							509
		Stage 4		Dyeran											511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran											514
				Montezuman											514.8 *
				Begadean											519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																538.8