PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean								0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean								0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene						0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean		Late Pleistocene						0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean		Middle Pleistocene						0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian		Middle Pleistocene						0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian		Early Pleistocene						0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan								1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene					Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean			Early Pliocene						3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian		Early Pliocene						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene						5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian								9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian		Middle Miocene						11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian								12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian			Early Miocene						15.98
					Hemingfordian								16.3
					Arikareean								18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene						23.03
				Rupelian			Early Oligocene						27.82
					Whitneyan								29.5
					Orellan								31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Late Eocene						33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean		Late Eocene						37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean		Middle Eocene						37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan								41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian								46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian		Early Eocene						47.8
					Wasatchian								50.5
					Clarkforkian								54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Late Paleocene						56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian		Late Paleocene						56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian		Middle Paleocene						59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian		Middle Paleocene						60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian		Early Paleocene						61.6
				Danian	Puercan		Early Paleocene						63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan			145
				Kimmeridgian					Oteke	Puaroan			149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan			150
										Heterian			154.5
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Callovian						Temaikan			164.3
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Toarcian	Herangi		Ururoan		176
			Pliensbachian			Ururoan		184.2
			Pliensbachian			Aratauran		188.9
			Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian					199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour		Otapirian		201.4
			Norian			Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
			Carnian			Oretian		227
			Carnian	Gore		Kaihikuan		227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan		237
			Ladinian			Etalian		238
			Anisian			Etalian		242
			Anisian			Malakovian		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian		247.2
			Olenekian			Nelsonian		249
			Induan			Nelsonian		251.2
			Induan	DUrville		Makarewan		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan		Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian			Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian			Waiitian		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian		Aparima		Flettian		259.51
			Wordian					Flettian		264.28
								Barettian		266
				Murgabian						266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian						273.01
				Kubergandian				Mangapirian		276
				Bolorian						279.8
			Artinskian							283.5
								Telfordian		285
				Yakhtashian				Telfordian		286
				Yakhtashian						288.5
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian	Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian		443.8
			Katian		Bolindian		445.2
					Eastonian		449 *
					Gisbornian		452 *
			Sandbian		Gisbornian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		458.4
			Dapingian		Yapeenian		467.3
			Dapingian		Castlemainian		468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian		470
					Bendigonian		471.8 *
					Lancefieldian		473.5 *
			Tremadocian		Lancefieldian		477.7
			Tremadocian		Warendian		482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
			Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †			497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
													1400