PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	European Faunal Zones	Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean											0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Tarantian						0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean					Tarantian						0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean					Ionian						0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian					Ionian						0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian											0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan											1.4
				Gelasian		MN 17										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		MN 16									Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian		MN 15										3.2
				Zanclean		MN 15										3.6
						MN 14										4.2
					Hemphillian	MN 14										4.7
						MN 13										4.9
			Miocene	Messinian		MN 13										5.333
				Tortonian		MN 12										7.246
						MN 11										7.75
						MN 10										8.7
					Clarendonian	MN 10										9.4
						MN 9										9.7
						MN 7 + 8										11.1
				Serravallian												11.63
					Barstovian											12.5
						MN 6										12.8 *
				Langhian		MN 5										13.82
				Burdigalian		MN 4										15.98
					Hemingfordian	MN 4										16.3
					Hemingfordian	MN 3										16.9
					Arikareean	MN 3										18.5
						MN 2										20
				Aquitanian		MN 2										20.44
				Aquitanian		MN 1										22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
					Whitneyan											29.5
					Orellan											31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian											33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean											37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean											37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan											41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian											46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian											47.8
					Wasatchian											50.5
					Clarkforkian											54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian											56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian											56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian											59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian											60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian											61.6
				Danian	Puercan											63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
			Kimmeridgian	149.2
			Oxfordian	154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras			168.2
			Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			168.4
			Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			174.7
				Planulata			179.3 *
				Planulata			Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense				181.3 *
				Carlottense				182.3 *
				Kunae				183.5 *
			Pliensbachian	Kunae				184.2
				Freboldi				185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian						192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
			Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
			Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian					307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
										Huashibanian	318.5 *
										Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian				Late Mississippian	323.2
			Serpukhovian			Shangsian				Late Mississippian	330.8 *
			Visean			Shangsian				Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Visean			Jiusian				Middle Mississippian	335 *
			Tournaisian			Tangbagouan				Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †	497
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
		Series 2	Stage 3								514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Wonokan †				Vendian †	571.7 *
																635