PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125959 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of China		Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian						Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Middle Pleistocene			0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
		Gelasian								MN 17		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene	MN 16	Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian							Late Pliocene	MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene	MN 15		3.6
										MN 14		4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							MN 14		4.7
										MN 13		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene	MN 13		5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian		MN 12		7.246
										MN 11		7.75
										MN 10		8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							MN 10		9.4
										MN 9		9.7
										MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian						Sarmatian	Middle Miocene			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					Sarmatian				12.5
								Badenian		MN 6		12.8 *
		Langhian								MN 5		13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene	MN 4		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							MN 4		16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							MN 3		16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						MN 3		18.5
										MN 2		20
		Aquitanian								MN 2		20.44
		Aquitanian								MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene			23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian					Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Late Eocene			33.9
		Priabonian							Late Eocene			37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene			37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Early Eocene			47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Late Paleocene			56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Late Paleocene			56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian	Paibian		494
		Paibian	Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †			497
		Drumian	Drumian	Wangcunian †				500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian					530.7
												538.8