PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126138 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene						0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene					Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene						11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene						15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene						23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene						29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene						33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene						37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene						37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene						47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene						56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene						56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene						60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian							Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian							Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian							Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian							Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian							Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian							Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian	489.5
						Aksaian	490.7 *
						Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian		Paibian			494
		Paibian		Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian		Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian		Drumian			Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian		Drumian			Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian			Tuesaian	Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian				Stage 5 †		505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian						509
							Toyonian			510 *
							Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3		Nangaoian			Botomian			514
		Stage 3		Nangaoian			Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian			Tommotian			521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian						530.7
												538.8