PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran												0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene														0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan																	0.21
								Castlecliffian												0.34
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene														0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian																	1.4
								Nukumaruan												1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan												1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian												2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene		Mangapanian											Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene		Waipipian												3
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene		Waipipian												3.6
								Opoitian												3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Opoitian												4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean												5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian																		7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian																	9.4
							Southland	Waiauan												11.04
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene														11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian																	12.5
								Lillburnian												13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian												13.82
								Clifdenian												15.1
							Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene														15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian																	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian																18.5
								Otaian												18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian												20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian												21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene														23.03
				Monroecreekian																23.1 *
				Geringian																24.7 *
								Duntroonian												25.2
								Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene														27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene														29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene														33.9
							Arnold	Runangan												34.6
								Kaiatan												36.7
																				37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene														37.71
								Bortonian												39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan																	39.7
		Lutetian																		41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
								Heretaungan												45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian																	46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene														47.8
								Mangaorapan												48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Mangaorapan												50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Waipawan												52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Waipawan												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene		Teurian												56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene														56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene														59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene														60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene														61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene														63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian												66
		Campanian						Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
								Mangaotanean	90.5
								Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan	100.5
								Urutawan	103.3
							Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian						Korangan	113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
									Planulata	179.3 *
									Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
									Kanense		181.3 *
									Carlottense		182.3 *
									Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian							Kunae		184.2
									Freboldi		185.1 *
									Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
									Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian										192.9
									Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju		Porkuni	Kosovian		Ashgill				Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Pirgu	Kralodvorian						Bohdalec †	Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
							Pusgillian						449.3 *
					Vormsi		Caradoc	Streffordian					Onnian †	449.6 *
					Vormsi	Berounian								449.7 *
					Nabala									Johvi †	450 *
			Viru		Rakvere										450.6 *
					Rakvere			Cheneyan							451.5 *
					Oandu			Cheneyan							452 *
					Oandu			Burrellian							452.7 *
		Sandbian			Keila									Idavere †	453
					Keila								Actonian †		453.2 *
					Haljala								Actonian †		453.9
													Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †			455.2 *
																Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Kukruse													456.4 *
								Aurelucian										456.8 *
													Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					457.4 *
					Uhaku									Aluoja †				457.5 *
												Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn										458.4
						Dobrotivian												458.5 *
					Lasnamagi	Dobrotivian			458.9 *
					Lasnamagi	Oretanian			459.7 *
				Aseri	460.4 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
								Sarka †		461.7 *
			Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
				Kunda						Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
				Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †						467.3
						Arenigian								468
					Arenig		Fennian							468.4 *
				Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
							Whitlandian					471.1 *
				Hunneberg			Whitlandian					473.7 *
							Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
								Cressagian				480.8 *
				Varangu								481.3 *
				Pakerort								482.2 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †		497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †			504.5
																				509