PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene					0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene					0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene					0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene					0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene				Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean					Early Pliocene					3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene					4.7
			Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene					5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Middle Miocene					11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian					Early Miocene					15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene					23.03
						Monroecreekian								23.1 *
						Geringian								24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian			Early Oligocene					27.82
				Rupelian					Early Oligocene					29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene					33.9
				Priabonian					Late Eocene					37
				Bartonian					Middle Eocene					37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene					47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene					56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene					56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene					59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene					60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene					61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene					63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan		145
				Kimmeridgian							Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
											Kawhia	Ohauan		150
												Heterian		154.5
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Callovian								Temaikan		164.3
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Toarcian							Herangi	Ururoan		176
				Pliensbachian								Ururoan		184.2
Aratauran				Pliensbachian				188.9
				Sinemurian				192.9
				Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour				Otapirian		201.4
			Norian					Warepan		208.5
								Otamitan		217
								Oretian		221
			Carnian					Oretian		227
			Carnian	Gore				Kaihikuan		227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan		237
			Ladinian					Etalian		238
			Anisian					Etalian		242
			Anisian					Malakovian		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian		247.2
			Olenekian					Nelsonian		249
			Induan					Nelsonian		251.2
			Induan	DUrville				Makarewan		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan		Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian					Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian				Aparima		Flettian		259.51
			Wordian							Flettian		264.28
						Barettian				266
				Murgabian						266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian						273.01
				Kubergandian		Mangapirian				276
				Bolorian						279.8
			Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian				285
				Yakhtashian		Telfordian				286
				Yakhtashian				288.5
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian	Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian	443.8
			Katian				Bolindian	445.2
							Eastonian	449 *
							Gisbornian	452 *
			Sandbian				Gisbornian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	458.4
			Dapingian				Yapeenian	467.3
			Dapingian				Castlemainian	468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian	470
							Bendigonian	471.8 *
							Lancefieldian	473.5 *
			Tremadocian				Lancefieldian	477.7
			Tremadocian				Warendian	482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †	497
			Drumian						500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
														1400