PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126610 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian Subages	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cambrian of Britain		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian												0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian												0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan												0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan												0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian												4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian											27.82
		Rupelian													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian												33.9
		Priabonian													37
		Bartonian													37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean												50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1										60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1										61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Kimmeridgian									Oteke	Puaroan			149.2
											Kawhia	Ohauan			150
												Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian										Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Toarcian									Herangi	Ururoan			176
		Pliensbachian										Ururoan			184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian					Oretian	227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian					Flettian		264.28
		Wordian		Barettian			266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian				303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway				358.9
			Middle Famennian						365.3 *
			Early Famennian						368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean				372.2
			Middle Frasnian						375.4 *
			Early Frasnian						379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian	382.7
			Middle Givetian							383.7 *
			Early Givetian							385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian		Southwoodian					387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian		Southwoodian					390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian					398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian							410.8
			Middle Lochkovian							412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian							415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10									Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian									Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai					509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
															538.8