International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
  • J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
  • F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
  • J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleNorth American Mammal Subages/ZonesSouth American Land Mammal AgesPermian of North AmericaCenozoic SubepochsEuropean Faunal ZonesCarboniferous SubepochsObsolete Names for ICS Units
QuaternaryPleistoceneLate PleistoceneSheridanianLujanianLate Pleistocene0.0117
ChibanianMiddle Pleistocene0.129
Cudahyan/Sappan0.21
Ensenadan0.3 *
CalabrianEarly Pleistocene0.774
Senecan/Rexroadian1.4
SanandresianUquian †1.7 *
GelasianMN 171.8
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianVorohueanLate PlioceneMN 16Tertiary †2.58
Chapadmalalan2.9 *
MN 153.2
ZancleanEarly Pliocene3.6
Montehermosan3.7 *
MN 144.2
Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian4.7
HuayquerianMN 134.9 *
MioceneMessinianLate Miocene5.333
TortonianMN 127.246
MN 117.75
Chasicoan7.9 *
MN 108.7
Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian9.4
MN 99.7
Mayoan9.9 *
Laventan10.9 *
MN 7 + 811.1
SerravallianMiddle Miocene11.63
late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian12.5
MN 612.8 *
Colloncuran13.7 *
LanghianMN 513.82
Friasian15.4 *
BurdigalianEarly MioceneMN 415.98
Santacrucian16.2 *
Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian16.3
MN 316.9
Colhuehuapian17.4 *
late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early ArikareeanHarrisonian18.5
MN 220
Aquitanian20.44
Deseadan20.9 *
MN 122.4
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianLate Oligocene23.03
Monroecreekian23.1 *
Geringian24.7 *
RupelianEarly Oligocene27.82
Tinguirirican28.9 *
29.5
EocenePriabonianLate Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early ChadronianLate Eocene33.9
Divisaderan35.9 *
37
BartonianMiddle Eocene37.71
Late Uintan/Early Uintan39.7
Lutetian41.2
Mustersan41.9 *
Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian46.2
YpresianEarly Eocene47.8
Casamayoran47.9 *
Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean50.5
Cf3/Cf2/Cf154.9
PaleoceneThanetianRiochicanLate Paleocene56
Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti156.2
Itaboraian56.9 *
Peligran58.9 *
SelandianMiddle Paleocene59.2
To3/To2/To160.9
DanianEarly Paleocene61.6
Tiupampan62.4 *
Pu3/Pu2/Pu163.8
CretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtian66
Campanian72.1
Santonian83.6
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
Cenomanian93.9
Early CretaceousAlbian100.5
Aptian113
Barremian121.4
Hauterivian125.77
Valanginian132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonian145
Kimmeridgian149.2
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
Bathonian165.3
Bajocian168.2
Aalenian170.9
Early JurassicToarcian174.7
Pliensbachian184.2
Sinemurian192.9
Hettangian199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetian201.4
Norian208.5
Carnian227
Middle TriassicLadinian237
Anisian242
Early TriassicOlenekian247.2
Induan251.2
PermianLopingianChanghsingian251.902
WuchiapingianLongtanian †254.14
GuadalupianCapitanianCapitanian259.51
WordianWordian264.28
RoadianRoadian266.9
CisuralianKungurianLeonardianCathedralian273.01
Hessian281.9 *
Artinskian283.5
WolfcampianLenoxian286.1 *
Sakmarian290.1
AsselianNealian293.52
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelianLate Pennsylvanian298.9
Kasimovian303.7
MoscovianMiddle Pennsylvanian307
BashkirianEarly Pennsylvanian315.2
MississippianSerpukhovianLate Mississippian323.2
ViseanMiddle Mississippian330.9
TournaisianEarly Mississippian346.7
DevonianLate DevonianFamennian358.9
Frasnian372.2
Middle DevonianGivetian382.7
Eifelian387.7
Early DevonianEmsian393.3
Pragian407.6
Lochkovian410.8
SilurianPridoli419.2
LudlowLudfordian423
Gorstian425.6
WenlockHomerian427.4
Sheinwoodian430.5
LlandoveryTelychian433.4
Aeronian438.5
Rhuddanian440.8
OrdovicianLate OrdovicianHirnantian443.8
Katian445.2
Sandbian453
Middle OrdovicianDarriwilian458.4
Dapingian467.3
Early OrdovicianFloian470
Tremadocian477.7
CambrianFurongianStage 10485.4
Jiangshanian489.5
Paibian494
MiaolingianGuzhangianSeries 3 †497
Drumian500.5
WuliuanStage 5 †504.5
509