PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126138 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of China		Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian									0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan									0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean							Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan									3.6
			Montehermosan									3.7 *
			Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
			Chasicoan									7.9 *
			Mayoan									9.9 *
			Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan									11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian	Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian									15.98
			Santacrucian									16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian									20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican									28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican									33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan									35.9 *
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan									47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran									47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican									56
			Itaboraian									56.9 *
			Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Senonian						66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Gallic						100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian			Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †		Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †		Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian					Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean						Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian	489.5
										Aksaian	490.7 *
						Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian	Paibian							494
		Paibian	Paibian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian			Wangcunian †			Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian								499.5
		Drumian	Drumian							Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian	Drumian							Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †				Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †					505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian								509
										Toyonian	510 *
										Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian							Botomian	514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian							Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian							Tommotian	521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian									529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian								530.7
												538.8