PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of North America		Devonian Subages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian					Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian				0.129
								Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
			Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian										0.774
								Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean								Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan									3.6
			Montehermosan									3.7 *
			Montehermosan					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
			Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
			Chasicoan									7.9 *
			Chasicoan					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
			Mayoan									9.9 *
			Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian										11.63
								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
			Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian	Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian									15.98
			Santacrucian									16.2 *
			Santacrucian					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
			Colhuehuapian					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				17.4 *
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
									Monroecreekian			23.1 *
									Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian										27.82
			Tinguirirican									28.9 *
												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
			Divisaderan					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				35.9 *
												37
		Bartonian										37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
			Mustersan									41.9 *
								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian										47.8
			Casamayoran									47.9 *
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
			Riochican							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
			Itaboraian									56.9 *
			Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian										61.6
			Tiupampan									62.4 *
			Tiupampan							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			100.5
		Aptian			113
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian		372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian	489.5
							Aksaian	490.7 *
							Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian					Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †				505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
							Toyonian		510 *
							Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian		514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian		521
												525.5