PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126163 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Australia	Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian												0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian												0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan												0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan												0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean								Tertiary †				2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan												2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan												3.6
			Montehermosan												3.7 *
			Huayquerian												4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
			Chasicoan												7.9 *
			Mayoan												9.9 *
			Laventan												10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan												11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran												13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran												13.82
		Langhian	Friasian												15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian												15.98
			Santacrucian												16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian												17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan												20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican												28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican												33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan												35.9 *
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan												41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan												47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran												47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican												56
			Itaboraian												56.9 *
			Peligran												58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan												62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian			Wordian	264.28
		Roadian			Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan			Middle Pennsylvanian	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan			Early Pennsylvanian	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian			Middle Mississippian	330.9
					Meramecian				335.8 *
					Osagean				343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean			Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian			Early Mississippian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian					358.9
					Middle Famennian					365.3 *
					Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian					372.2
					Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
					Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian					382.7
					Middle Givetian					383.7 *
					Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian					387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian		410.8
			Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan					419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran					422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan					Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian								443.8
		Katian			Bolindian								445.2
					Eastonian								449 *
					Gisbornian								452 *
		Sandbian			Gisbornian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian			Yapeenian								467.3
		Dapingian			Castlemainian								468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian								470
					Bendigonian								471.8 *
					Lancefieldian								473.5 *
		Tremadocian			Lancefieldian								477.7
		Tremadocian			Warendian								482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †								497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †	504.5
															509