PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126138 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian									0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan									0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean								Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan									3.6
			Montehermosan									3.7 *
			Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
			Chasicoan									7.9 *
			Mayoan									9.9 *
			Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan									11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian	Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian									15.98
			Santacrucian									16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian									20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan							27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican		Kekeamuan							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							35.9 *
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan			Bumbanian						47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran			Bumbanian						47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican		Gashatan							56
			Itaboraian									56.9 *
			Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian				251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian				253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †				Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †				Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian						Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian						Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian						Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian						Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian						Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian						Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian			427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian		485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian		489.5
							Aksaian		490.7 *
							Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian	Paibian						494
		Paibian	Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian			Wangcunian †	Series 3 †		Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian	Drumian						Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian	Drumian						Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †			Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †				505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian							509
									Toyonian	510 *
									Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian						Botomian	514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian						Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian						Tommotian	521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian							530.7
												538.8