PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126138 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of China		Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean						0.129
					Irvingtonian						0.21
			Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian									0.774
					Blancan						1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean							Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan								3.6
			Montehermosan								3.7 *
			Montehermosan		Hemphillian						4.7
			Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
			Chasicoan								7.9 *
			Chasicoan		Clarendonian						9.4
			Mayoan								9.9 *
			Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian									11.63
					Barstovian						12.5
			Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian	Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian								15.98
			Santacrucian								16.2 *
			Santacrucian		Hemingfordian						16.3
			Colhuehuapian		Hemingfordian						17.4 *
					Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
			Tinguirirican								28.9 *
					Whitneyan						29.5
					Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian						33.9
			Divisaderan		Chadronian						35.9 *
					Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
			Mustersan								41.9 *
					Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian									47.8
			Casamayoran								47.9 *
					Wasatchian						50.5
					Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican		Clarkforkian						56
			Riochican		Tiffanian						56.2
			Itaboraian								56.9 *
			Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian									59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian									61.6
			Tiupampan								62.4 *
			Tiupampan		Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Senonian					66
		Campanian					72.1
		Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Gallic	100.5
		Aptian					113
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †			Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †			Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian					Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian					Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †				Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	489.5
									Aksaian	490.7 *
						Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian	Paibian						494
		Paibian	Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Series 3 †			Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian	Drumian						Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian	Drumian						Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian		Stage 5 †				Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian		Stage 5 †					505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian							509
									Toyonian	510 *
									Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian						Botomian	514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian						Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian						Tommotian	521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian							530.7
											538.8