PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126163 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian		Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian						Middle Pleistocene				0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
			Ensenadan												0.3 *
										Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene				0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
										Nukumaruan					1.63
			Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
		Gelasian										MN 17			1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian		MN 17			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean								Late Pliocene	MN 16		Tertiary †	2.58
			Chapadmalalan												2.9 *
										Waipipian					3
												MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene				3.6
			Montehermosan							Opoitian					3.7 *
												MN 14			4.2
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							MN 14			4.7
			Huayquerian									MN 13			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene				5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian						Pannonian				MN 12			7.246
												MN 11			7.75
			Chasicoan									MN 11			7.9 *
												MN 10			8.7
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							MN 10			9.4
												MN 9			9.7
			Mayoan												9.9 *
			Laventan												10.9 *
									Southland	Waiauan					11.04
												MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian						Sarmatian			Middle Miocene				11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian							12.5
								Badenian				MN 6			12.8 *
										Lillburnian					13.05
			Colloncuran												13.7 *
		Langhian										MN 5			13.82
										Clifdenian					15.1
			Friasian							Clifdenian					15.4 *
									Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene	MN 4			15.98
			Santacrucian												16.2 *
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
												MN 3			16.9
			Colhuehuapian												17.4 *
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
										Otaian					18.7
												MN 2			20
		Aquitanian													20.44
			Deseadan												20.9 *
									Landon	Waitakian					21.7
												MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene				23.03
						Monroecreekian									23.1 *
						Geringian									24.7 *
										Duntroonian					25.2
										Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene				27.82
			Tinguirirican												28.9 *
															29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian		Late Eocene				33.9
									Arnold	Runangan	34.6
			Divisaderan							Runangan	35.9 *
										Kaiatan	36.7
											37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene				37.71
										Bortonian	39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
			Mustersan								41.9 *
									Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
										Heretaungan	45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene				47.8
			Casamayoran								47.9 *
				Mangaorapan						48.9
				Mangaorapan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
				Waipawan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					52
				Waipawan						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican	Teurian			Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
			Riochican							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
			Itaboraian								56.9 *
			Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene				61.6
			Tiupampan								62.4 *
			Tiupampan							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata		Haumurian				66
		Campanian							Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara		Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
									Mangaotanean				90.5
									Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan				93.9
							Clarence		Ngaterian				95.2
									Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan				100.5
								Urutawan	103.3
							Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian						Korangan	113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian							Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean							Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian							Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †		504.5
															509