PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126165 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Australia	Ordovician of North America						Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																0
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
				Chibanian																	0.129
				Calabrian																	0.774
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Tertiary †	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5																11.63
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4													Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
				Bartonian	Cenozoic 3													Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																41.2
				Ypresian	Cenozoic 2														Bumbanian		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													Gashatan			56
				Selandian																	59.2
				Danian																	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian															72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian															100.5
						Middle Albian															106.2 *
						Early Albian															109.9 *
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian															113
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian															119.5 *
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian															139.8
						Middle Berriasian															140.6 *
						Early Berriasian															142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														145
				Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian															152.2 *
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian															168.2
				Bajocian		Early Bajocian															168.6 *
				Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian															174.7
						Middle Toarcian															180.4 *
						Early Toarcian															182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4																201.4
				Norian		Sevatian															208.5
						Alaunian															213.2 *
						Lacian															216.7 *
				Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian															227
				Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian															233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian		Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian	251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Buntsandstein		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein		Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller			259.51
			Wordian			Leine			264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
			Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
			Bashkirian							315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean	Carboniferous 2					Shangsian	330.9
			Visean	Carboniferous 2					Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Cincinnatian			Gamachian	443.8
			Katian							Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian			Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4						Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									458.4
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2									467.3
			Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Tulean				477.7
										Stairsian				480.3 *
										Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Datsonian				485.4
											Payntonian				486.8 *
											Payntonian				487.5
			Jiangshanian								Iverian				489.5
			Paibian								Idamean				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Mindyallan				Series 3 †	497
			Guzhangian								Boomerangian					499
			Drumian								Undillan					500.5
			Drumian								Floran					503
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Templetonian			Stage 5 †					504.5
Ordian			Wuliuan		507.8 *						Stage 5 †
Ordian		Series 2	Stage 4								509
			Stage 4								510.8 *
			Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2		521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1		529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																					635