PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Britain				Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of the Baltic	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3													37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4					Late Albian								100.5
								Middle Albian								106.2 *
								Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Late Aptian								113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian								139.8
								Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
								Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian								174.7
								Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
								Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4													201.4
		Norian						Sevatian								208.5
								Alaunian								213.2 *
								Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3					Tuvalian								227
		Carnian	Triassic 3					Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan		445.2
							Cautleyan		448.9 *
							Pusgillian		449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan			451.5 *
							Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian				470
							Whitlandian				471.1 *
							Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
							Cressagian				480.8 *
							Cressagian				Mansian †	483.55 *
											Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Batyrbaian				489.5
				Aksaian							490.7 *
				Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian			494
		Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian								Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian										499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Amgan/Solvan										Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan								Early Cambrian			509
				Toyonian	Lenian †										510 *
				Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Botomian											514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian											515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian											521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian											525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †										529
																538.8