PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126165 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of China					Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6			Wanganui	Haweran									0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian												0.0117
				Chibanian		Lujanian												0.129
						Ensenadan												0.3 *
									Castlecliffian									0.34
				Calabrian					Castlecliffian									0.774
									Nukumaruan									1.63
						Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
				Gelasian														1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian									2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean											Tertiary †	2.58
						Chapadmalalan												2.9 *
									Waipipian									3
				Zanclean					Waipipian									3.6
						Montehermosan			Opoitian									3.7 *
						Huayquerian			Opoitian									4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan									7.2
				Tortonian														7.246
						Chasicoan												7.9 *
						Mayoan												9.9 *
						Laventan												10.9 *
								Southland	Waiauan									11.04
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Waiauan									11.63
									Lillburnian									13.05
						Colloncuran												13.7 *
				Langhian														13.82
									Clifdenian									15.1
						Friasian			Clifdenian									15.4 *
								Pareora	Altonian									15.9
				Burdigalian														15.98
						Santacrucian												16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian												17.4 *
									Otaian									18.7
				Aquitanian														20.44
						Deseadan												20.9 *
								Landon	Waitakian									21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Waitakian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
									Duntroonian									25.2
									Whaingaroan									27.3
				Rupelian											Kekeamuan			27.82
				Rupelian		Tinguirirican									Kekeamuan			28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
								Arnold	Runangan									34.6
						Divisaderan			Runangan									35.9 *
									Kaiatan									36.7
				Bartonian					Kaiatan						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Bartonian					Bortonian									39.1
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
						Mustersan												41.9 *
								Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
									Heretaungan									45.7
				Ypresian												Bumbanian		47.8
						Casamayoran												47.9 *
									Mangaorapan									48.9
									Waipawan									52
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Riochican			Teurian						Gashatan			56
						Itaboraian												56.9 *
						Peligran												58.9 *
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
				Danian		Tiupampan												62.4 *
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Mata		Haumurian		66
			Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian			Raukumara		Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian							86.3
			Turonian							89.8
								Mangaotanean		90.5
								Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Arowhanan		93.9
						Clarence		Ngaterian		95.2
								Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Motuan		100.5
								Urutawan		103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan	113
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3				117.5
			Barremian	Cretaceous 2				121.4
			Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				125.77
			Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				132.6
			Berriasian	Cretaceous 1				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				145
			Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4				165.3
			Bajocian	Jurassic 4				168.2
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3				174.7
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1				199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
			Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
			Bashkirian								315.2
										Huashibanian	318.5 *
										Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean	Carboniferous 2						Shangsian	330.9
			Visean	Carboniferous 2						Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	Cayugan				419.2
		Pridoli			Niagaran				422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					Ontarian		433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan				Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou				Wufeng †		443.8
			Katian		Chientangkiangian						Wufeng †		445.2
			Katian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								449.5
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
			Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	Yiyangian						470
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Xinchangian						477.7
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Xinchangian		Lianghekou †				477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Series 3 †		497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Stage 5 †					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3									509
		Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																		1400