PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Precambrian of Russia	Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †		2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Serravallian											11.63
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
				Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
				Lutetian											41.2
				Ypresian						Bumbanian					47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan						56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian										66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian											208.5
				Carnian											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian							247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian							251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian						Longtanian †	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian							259.51
				Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							264.28
				Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
				Artinskian											283.5
				Sakmarian											290.1
				Asselian											293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
				Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian			300 *
				Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian			303.7
				Kasimovian								Dalaun			305.8 *
				Moscovian											307
				Bashkirian											315.2
												Huashibanian			318.5 *
												Lousuan			321.2 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Dewunian		323.2
			Serpukhovian	Shangsian		330.8 *
			Visean	Shangsian		330.9
			Visean	Jiusian		335 *
			Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine				419.2
		Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton				421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
			Gorstian						425.6
			Gorstian				Buildwas		426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas		427.4
			Homerian			Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Telychian				436.3 *
			Aeronian				438.5
			Aeronian			Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
			Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
			Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †		497
			Drumian						500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
															1400