PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian										Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian		Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian			3
		Zanclean										Waipipian			3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian			3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian										Tongaporutuan			7.246
		Tortonian									Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan			11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian			13.82
												Clifdenian			15.1
											Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian										Altonian			15.98
		Burdigalian										Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian			23.03
												Duntroonian			25.2
												Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
											Arnold	Runangan			34.6
												Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan			37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian			41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
												Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan			47.8
												Mangaorapan			48.9
												Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian			56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
												Mangaotanean			90.5
												Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							Arowhanan			93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
												Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian							Motuan			100.5
					Late Albian							Urutawan			103.3
					Middle Albian							Urutawan			106.2 *
					Middle Albian						Taitai	Korangan			108.4
					Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian										113
					Late Aptian										117.5
					Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian			227
		Carnian		Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian			237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian					Wordian		264.28
		Roadian					Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian				Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian					Nealian		293.52
		Asselian					Nealian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
										Xiaodushanian	300 *
									Stephanian		Stephanian C		300.3 *
											Stephanian B		300.9 *
											Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian									Stephanian A		303.7
											Cantabrian		305 *
										Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian											307
									Westphalian		Westphalian D		307.4 *
											Westphalian C		309.8
											Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian									Westphalian B	315.2
											Westphalian A	317 *
										Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
									Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
											Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
											Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian					322 *
						Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian				Dewunian	323.2
						Arnsbergian					324 *
						Pendleian					327.4 *
						Pendleian				Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †			330.9	Shangsian
					Warnantian	Brigantian †			Jiusian	335 *
					Livian	Asbian †				336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian				340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian				Tangbagouan	346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian				Tangbagouan	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †				497
		Guzhangian						Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian							509
		Stage 3		Branchian							514
		Stage 3		Placentian							517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
															538.8