PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of North America		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene				Tarantian			0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene				Ionian			0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene						Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian						Late Miocene							7.246
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene							11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene							13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene							15.98
		Aquitanian						Early Miocene							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	Early Oligocene							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene							33.9
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian						Middle Eocene							41.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian	Early Eocene							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan		Late Paleocene							56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras												168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense												168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta												174.7
			Planulata												179.3 *
			Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi										179.8 *
			Kanense												181.3 *
			Carlottense												182.3 *
			Kunae												183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae												184.2
			Freboldi												185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras											186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras											189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis											190.3 *
		Sinemurian													192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras										196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites												196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian							Wordian		264.28
		Roadian							Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian									Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian							Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian									Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian									Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Gzhelian										Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian										Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian										Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian											307
		Bashkirian											315.2
												Huashibanian	318.5 *
												Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian					323.2
		Serpukhovian				Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean				Shangsian	330.9
		Visean				Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian				Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †				497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
															538.8