PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126610 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permian of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of China		Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian														11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian													100.5
			Middle Albian													106.2 *
			Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian													113
		Aptian	Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian													139.8
			Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
			Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian			Kawhia	Ohauan									150
			Early Kimmeridgian				Ohauan									152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian				Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian													168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian													168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian													174.7
			Late Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan									176
			Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
			Early Toarcian													182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian													184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Aratauran									188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian									201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				Warepan									208.5
			Alaunian													213.2 *
			Lacian													216.7 *
							Otamitan									217
							Oretian									221
		Carnian	Tuvalian				Oretian									227
			Tuvalian			Gore	Kaihikuan									227.5
			Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
			Longobardian		Etalian		238
			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
			Aegean		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	Meishanian	251.902
						Waiitian	Meishanian	253.2
							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian	Longtanian †	254.14
						Puruhauan	Laoshanian		254.2
						Puruhauan	Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian		Flettian		264.28
		Wordian					Barettian		266
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian				273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian		283.5
							Telfordian		285
					Longlinian		Telfordian		285.4 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
									Xiaodushanian	300 *
										300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian					323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian					330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian					330.9
		Visean		Jiusian					335 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
										Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian							Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470							Fennian
			Whitlandian							471.1 *
			Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc						Migneintian	477.7
			Tremadoc						Cressagian	480.8 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †			485.4
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian						Paibian					494
		Paibian						Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian		Wangcunian †			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian						Drumian		Wangcunian †				500.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian						Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3						Nangaoian							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian	521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian	529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian	530.7
																538.8