PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126163 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Germany	Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Serravallian																		11.63
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																		33.9
		Bartonian																		37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Ypresian																		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																		56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian																	100.5
			Middle Albian																	106.2 *
			Early Albian																	109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian																	113
		Aptian	Early Aptian																	119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian																	139.8
			Middle Berriasian																	140.6 *
			Early Berriasian																	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan												145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian																146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian																	149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian				Kawhia	Ohauan												150
			Early Kimmeridgian					Ohauan												152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian												154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian																154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian																157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian																	161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					Temaikan												164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian													Epizigzagiceras				168.2
			Late Bajocian													Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.4
			Early Bajocian													Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian													Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian													Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				174.7
							Herangi	Ururoan								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				176
																Planulata				179.3 *
																		Arnioceras arnouldi		179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian																	180.4 *
																Kanense				181.3 *
																Carlottense				182.3 *
			Early Toarcian													Carlottense				182.9 *
			Early Toarcian													Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian													Kunae				184.2
																Freboldi				185.1 *
																Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras			186.2 *
								Aratauran								Whiteavesi/Imlayi				188.9
																				189.2 *
																Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis			190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras			196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			Warepan				208.5
			Alaunian							213.2 *
			Lacian							216.7 *
						Otamitan				217
						Oretian				221
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian				227
			Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan				227.5
			Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian							237
			Longobardian			Etalian				238
			Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian							243.8 *
			Bithynian							244.7 *
			Aegean							245.5 *
			Aegean			Malakovian				246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian							247.2
			Smithian							248.9 *
			Smithian			Nelsonian				249
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
			Griesbachian							251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan				251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan				251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian				Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan				Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian					259.51
		Wordian				Flettian					264.28
		Wordian				Barettian					266
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian					276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian					283.5
						Telfordian					285
											288.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian							300 *
		Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian							303.7
		Kasimovian		Dalaun							305.8 *
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
				Huashibanian							318.5 *
				Lousuan							321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian							323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian							330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian							330.9
		Visean		Jiusian							335 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian								393.3
		Pragian		Siegen								407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian				443.8
		Katian						Gamachian				445.2
								Richmondian				446 *
								Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian					450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian					453
								Turinian					453.7 *
							Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
		Dapingian												467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean							Ungurian	477.7
								Stairsian								480.3 *
								Skullrockian						Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian							Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10														487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
			Aksaian												490.7 *
			Sakian												492.2 *
		Paibian	Sakian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian												Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian								499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian							500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian							503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian							Stage 5 †						504.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †						505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4														509
			Toyonian													510 *
			Botomian													512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian		514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian		521
																				525.5