PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian								0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian								0.129
		Chibanian			Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan								0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean							Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan								3.6
					Montehermosan								3.7 *
					Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
					Chasicoan								7.9 *
					Mayoan								9.9 *
					Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian			Laventan								11.63
		Serravallian			Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian			Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian								15.98
					Santacrucian								16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian								20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican								28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican								33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan								35.9 *
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan								41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan								47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran								47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican								56
					Itaboraian								56.9 *
					Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan								62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						Senonian				66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian						Gallic				100.5
			Middle Albian										106.2 *
			Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian										113
		Aptian	Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian										139.8
			Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
			Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian					Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10			Niuchehean				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian			Paibian					494
		Paibian			Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian				Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan		Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran		Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †	Duyunian					509
		Stage 4		Dyeran		Duyunian					511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran		Nangaoian					514
				Montezuman							514.8 *
				Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian					530.7
													538.8