PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian							0.129
		Chibanian			Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan							0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean		Tertiary †					2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan							3.6
					Montehermosan							3.7 *
					Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
					Chasicoan							7.9 *
					Mayoan							9.9 *
					Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian			Laventan						Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Serravallian			Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian			Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian							15.98
					Santacrucian							16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian							20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Cenozoic 4	23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican						Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan							35.9 *
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian									Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan							41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan							47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican						Cenozoic 1	56
					Itaboraian							56.9 *
					Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian								Cretaceous 4	100.5
			Middle Albian									106.2 *
			Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian								Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian	Early Aptian								Cretaceous 3	119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
			Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
			Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian						174.7
			Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Triassic 3		227
		Carnian	Julian			Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian				Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian							Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5	Late Famennian			358.9
							Middle Famennian			365.3 *
							Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian			Adorf	Devonian 4	Late Frasnian			372.2
							Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
							Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	Devonian 3	Late Givetian			382.7
							Middle Givetian			383.7 *
							Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian			Eifelian		Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian			Eifelian		Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	Devonian 2	Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian			Emsian	Devonian 2	Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian			Siegen	Devonian 1	Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		Late Lochkovian			410.8
							Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5		485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †		Cambrian 4				497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †		Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Cambrian 3		509
	Series 2	Stage 3						Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						Cambrian 1		529
												538.8