PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene	Sheridanian							0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
								Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene								0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
								Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene				Vorohuean		Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene				Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene				Chapadmalalan				3.6
								Montehermosan				3.7 *
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan				4.7
								Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
								Chasicoan				7.9 *
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan				9.4
								Mayoan				9.9 *
								Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene								11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
								Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian						Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene				Friasian				15.98
								Santacrucian				16.2 *
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian				16.3
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene								23.03
						Monroecreekian						23.1 *
						Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene								27.82
								Tinguirirican				28.9 *
												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan				35.9 *
												37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene								37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
								Mustersan				41.9 *
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene								47.8
								Casamayoran				47.9 *
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican				56
							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican				56.2
								Itaboraian				56.9 *
								Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene								61.6
								Tiupampan				62.4 *
							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein						Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller								259.51
		Wordian	Leine								264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †	504.5
												509