PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Sheridanian				0.129
									Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
							Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene					0.774
									Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
							Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian	Late Pliocene				Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian	Late Pliocene					3
		Zanclean					Waipipian	Early Pliocene					3.6
							Opoitian						3.7
							Opoitian		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene					5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
						Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene					11.63
									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
							Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian						13.82
							Clifdenian						15.1
						Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene					15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
							Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene					23.03
										Monroecreekian			23.1 *
										Geringian			24.7 *
							Duntroonian						25.2
							Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene					27.82
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene					29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
						Arnold	Runangan						34.6
							Kaiatan						36.7
													37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene					37.71
							Bortonian						39.1
									Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
							Heretaungan						45.7
									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene					47.8
							Mangaorapan						48.9
							Mangaorapan		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
							Waipawan		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				52
							Waipawan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian	Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian						Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian						66
		Campanian	72.1				Haumurian
		Santonian	Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
				Mangaotanean	90.5
				Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	100.5
				Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C			300.3 *
							Stephanian B			300.9 *
							Stephanian A			301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A			303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian			305 *
		Moscovian					Cantabrian			307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
							Westphalian C			309.8
							Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B		315.2
							Westphalian A		317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
							Marsdenian		320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
							Alportian		322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian				Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian				498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian					509
		Stage 3	Branchian					514
		Stage 3	Placentian					517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
													538.8