PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian Subages	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian										11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian							66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan							72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian										293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †									298.9
		Kasimovian	Mapingian †									303.7
		Kasimovian										305.9
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian		358.9
				Middle Famennian		365.3 *
				Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian		372.2
				Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
				Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian		382.7
				Middle Givetian		383.7 *
				Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian		410.8
				Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian				489.5
					Aksaian				490.7 *
					Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian							494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian			Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan					Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan			Early Cambrian			509
					Toyonian	Lenian †					510 *
					Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian						514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian						521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †					529
												538.8