PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of the Baltic	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of North America		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene				Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene				Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene						Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian				Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian				Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian				Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian	Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan		Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian					Wordian							264.28
		Roadian					Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian						273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian						281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian						283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian						286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian						290.1
		Asselian						Nealian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
		Gzhelian									Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian	303.7								Xiaodushanian
		Kasimovian	Dalaun						305.8 *
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
			Huashibanian						318.5 *
			Lousuan						321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian						323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian						330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian						330.9
		Visean	Jiusian						335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †			497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
														538.8