PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	European Faunal Units	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian										Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian								Mangapanian		Tertiary †	2.58
				Villanyian								Waipipian			3
				Ruscinian											3.1 *
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian			3.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Turolian							Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
				Vallesian											8.7
				Vallesian							Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian		Astaracian								Waiauan			11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian			13.82
												Clifdenian			15.1
											Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian		Orleanian								Altonian			15.98
				Orleanian								Otaian			18.7
				Agenian											20
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian			23.03
												Duntroonian			25.2
												Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
											Arnold	Runangan			34.6
												Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan			37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian			41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
												Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan			47.8
												Mangaorapan			48.9
												Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian			56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
												Mangaotanean			90.5
												Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							Arowhanan			93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
												Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian							Motuan			100.5
					Late Albian							Urutawan			103.3
					Middle Albian							Urutawan			106.2 *
					Middle Albian						Taitai	Korangan			108.4
					Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian		113
			Late Aptian			117.5
			Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian			139.8
			Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
			Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian			Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian			Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian					Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian					Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
		Asselian							Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
											Xiaodushanian	300 *
										Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
												Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian										Stephanian A	303.7
												Cantabrian	305 *
											Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian											307
										Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
												Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B							314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B							315.2
					Westphalian A							317 *
					Westphalian A						Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Namurian					Yeadonian		318.8 *
										Marsdenian		320.2 *
										Marsdenian	Lousuan	321.2 *
										Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
							Alportian			322 *
							Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian			Dewunian	323.2
							Arnsbergian				324 *
							Pendleian				327.4 *
							Pendleian			Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9			Shangsian
					Warnantian	Brigantian †	Jiusian			335 *
					Livian	Asbian †				336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian				340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian		Tangbagouan			346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian		Tangbagouan			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian							485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian					489.5
			Aksaian					490.7 *
			Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian	Sakian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian					Series 3 †		497
		Guzhangian								499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian							500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian							503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian							Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
			Toyonian						510 *
			Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian						514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian						521
															525.5