PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Salt Range	North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian						Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
								Hemingfordian				16.3
								Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
								Whitneyan				29.5
								Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian				47.8
								Wasatchian				50.5
								Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian						Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan						145
		Kimmeridgian			Oteke	Puaroan						149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan						150
						Heterian						154.5
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan						164.3
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
				Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
				Puruhauan			254.2
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
				Barettian			266
					Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb		266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian	330.9
		Visean					Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan		Stage 5 †			504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran		Stage 5 †			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran		Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4				Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran					514
						Montezuman					514.8 *
						Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
												538.8