PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126165 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian											0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Sheridanian											0.129
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Cudahyan/Sappan											0.21
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Cudahyan/Sappan											0.774
				Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene												Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene													3.6
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian											4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											11.63
				Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene													15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene													23.03
								Monroecreekian										23.1 *
								Geringian										24.7 *
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene			Geringian										27.82
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene													29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian											33.9
				Priabonian	Late Eocene													37
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene													37.71
				Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan											41.2
				Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											47.8
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									56
				Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									56.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									59.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1									60.9
				Danian	Early Paleocene				To3/To2/To1									61.6
				Danian	Early Paleocene				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1									63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian						66
				Campanian								Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Oteke	Puaroan							145
				Kimmeridgian						Oteke	Puaroan							149.2
										Kawhia	Ohauan							150
											Heterian							154.5
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Callovian							Temaikan							164.3
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Toarcian						Herangi	Ururoan							176
				Pliensbachian							Ururoan							184.2
Aratauran				Pliensbachian		188.9
				Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour		Otapirian				201.4
			Norian			Warepan				208.5
						Otamitan				217
						Oretian				221
			Carnian			Oretian				227
			Carnian	Gore		Kaihikuan				227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan				237
			Ladinian			Etalian				238
			Anisian			Etalian				242
			Anisian			Malakovian				246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian				247.2
			Olenekian			Nelsonian				249
			Induan			Nelsonian				251.2
			Induan	DUrville		Makarewan				251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan				Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian			Waiitian				Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian			Waiitian				Dzhulfian	Longtanian †		254.14
			Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan				Dzhulfian	Longtanian †		254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian		Aparima				Flettian			259.51
			Wordian							Flettian			264.28
								Barettian		266
				Murgabian						266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian						273.01
				Kubergandian				Mangapirian		276
				Bolorian						279.8
			Artinskian							283.5
								Telfordian		285
				Yakhtashian				Telfordian		286
				Yakhtashian				288.5
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian	Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian		300 *
			Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian		303.7
			Kasimovian					Dalaun		305.8 *
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
					Huashibanian			318.5 *
					Lousuan			321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian			323.2
			Serpukhovian		Shangsian			330.8 *
			Visean		Shangsian			330.9
			Visean		Jiusian			335 *
			Tournaisian		Tangbagouan			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
			Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian							453
										Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
								Dobrotivian					458.5 *
								Oretanian					459.7 *
									Sarka †				461.7 *
			Dapingian						Klabava †				467.3
			Dapingian					Arenigian					468
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
			Jiangshanian										489.5
			Paibian										494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	497
Drumian			500.5
Wuliuan			Stage 5 †								504.5
Series 2		Stage 4											509
Series 2		Stage 3											514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2											521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian													Karatau	1000
		Stenian													Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian													Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian													Burzyan	1375
																		1400