PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126163 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Australia	Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of England		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene												0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene												0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene											Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene												7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene												11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene												13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene												15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene												33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene												37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene												41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene												56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian								Epizigzagiceras					168.2
		Bajocian								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
		Aalenian								Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
										Planulata					179.3 *
										Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
										Kanense					181.3 *
										Carlottense					182.3 *
										Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian								Kunae					184.2
										Freboldi					185.1 *
										Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
										Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis				190.3 *
		Sinemurian													192.9
										Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras			196.4 *
										Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian								Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	298.9
		Gzhelian			Virgilian	Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian			Missourian	Xiaodushanian	303.7
					Missourian	Dalaun	305.8 *
					Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian			Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan		315.2
					Morrowan		318.4 *
						Huashibanian	318.5 *
						Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian				Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	330.9			Shangsian
			Jiusian			335 *
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian				Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine				419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton				421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood				423
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas				426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas				427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope				428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
		Telychian											436.3 *
		Aeronian											438.5
		Aeronian						Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
		Katian											445.2
		Sandbian											453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian											467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian											477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Datsonian		485.4
		Stage 10									Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian								Iverian	489.5
		Paibian								Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Mindyallan	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian								Boomerangian		499
		Drumian								Undillan		500.5
		Drumian								Floran		503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian						Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian						Stage 5 †		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian								509
															510.8 *