PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of China			North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran						Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								Rancholabrean		0.129
											Irvingtonian		0.21
					Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										0.774
											Blancan		1.4
					Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Mangapanian							Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Waipipian								3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Waipipian								3.6
					Opoitian								3.7
					Opoitian						Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
											Clarendonian		9.4
				Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene										11.63
											Barstovian		12.5
					Lillburnian								13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian								13.82
					Clifdenian								15.1
				Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene										15.98
											Hemingfordian		16.3
											Arikareean		18.5
					Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian								20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene		Waitakian								23.03
					Duntroonian								25.2
					Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene										27.82
											Whitneyan		29.5
											Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene								Chadronian		33.9
				Arnold	Runangan								34.6
					Kaiatan								36.7
											Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene										37.71
					Bortonian								39.1
											Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
					Heretaungan								45.7
											Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene										47.8
					Mangaorapan								48.9
					Mangaorapan						Wasatchian		50.5
					Waipawan						Wasatchian		52
					Waipawan						Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Teurian						Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene								Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene								Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene								Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian			Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan			100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian			Korangan			113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian								Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
										Huashibanian	318.5 *
										Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian								Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean								Shangsian	330.9
		Visean								Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian								Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †				443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †				445.2
		Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								449.5
		Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian				477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian	Lianghekou †		477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian				485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian				Series 3 †				497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian								509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8