PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of North America		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of China			North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene								Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene											3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene								Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene								Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene											15.98
											Hemingfordian			16.3
											Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene											23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene											27.82
											Whitneyan			29.5
											Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene								Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene								Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene								Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene								Bridgerian			47.8
											Wasatchian			50.5
											Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene								Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene								Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene								Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene								Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian			273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian			281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian			283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian			290.1
		Asselian			Nealian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
								Huashibanian	318.5 *
								Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian						Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean						Shangsian	330.9
		Visean						Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian						Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian						Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian							Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								449.5
		Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian						Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian						Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian								470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian								477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian							Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian									485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian									Series 3 †	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian										509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8