PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Mesozoic Subages		Mammal Paleogene Zones		Devonian Subages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean							0.129
						Irvingtonian							0.21
				Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
						Blancan							1.4
				Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian								Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian									3
		Zanclean		Waipipian									3.6
				Opoitian									3.7
				Opoitian		Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
						Clarendonian							9.4
			Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian											11.63
						Barstovian							12.5
				Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian									13.82
				Clifdenian									15.1
			Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
						Hemingfordian							16.3
						Arikareean							18.5
				Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian					MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
				Duntroonian									25.2
				Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian							MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
						Whitneyan							29.5
						Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				33.9
			Arnold	Runangan									34.6
				Kaiatan									36.7
						Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian							MP 16				37.71
				Bortonian									39.1
						Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian							MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
				Heretaungan									45.7
						Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian							MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
				Mangaorapan									48.9
				Mangaorapan		Wasatchian							50.5
				Waipawan		Wasatchian							52
				Waipawan		Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian		Clarkforkian			MP 6	MP 1 - 5			56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian			MP 6				56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian				Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian		Haumurian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				86.1
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean						90.5
				Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
				Motuan						99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		Late Albian				100.5
				Urutawan		Late Albian				103.3
				Urutawan		Middle Albian				106.2 *
			Taitai	Korangan		Middle Albian				108.4
						Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian				113
						Late Aptian				117.5
						Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian				139.8
						Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
						Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian				Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian				Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian					174.7
						Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
						Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian				Sevatian					208.5
						Alaunian					213.2 *
						Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian					227
		Carnian				Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian					237
		Ladinian				Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian					242
						Pelsonian					243.8 *
						Bithynian					244.7 *
						Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian					251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian		358.9
					Middle Famennian		365.3 *
					Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian		372.2
					Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
					Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko		Late Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian			383.7 *
				Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian		Chotec	Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian		Chotec	Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian	Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian		410.8
			Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †		497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †	504.5
													509