PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian										0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian								0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian	Villanyian						Tertiary †	2.58
				Waipipian	Villanyian							3
					Ruscinian							3.1 *
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian								3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian							5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
					Vallesian							8.7
			Southland	Waiauan	Vallesian							11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan	Astaracian							11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian								13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian								13.82
				Clifdenian								15.1
			Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian	Orleanian							15.98
				Otaian	Orleanian							18.7
					Agenian							20
		Aquitanian										20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian								23.03
				Duntroonian								25.2
				Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
			Arnold	Runangan								34.6
				Kaiatan								36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan								37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian								39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian								41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
				Heretaungan								45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan								47.8
				Mangaorapan								48.9
				Waipawan								52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian								56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian		Haumurian		Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan								83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
				Mangaotanean								90.5
				Arowhanan								93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan								93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian								95.2
				Motuan								99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan								100.5
				Urutawan								103.3
			Taitai	Korangan								108.4
		Aptian		Korangan								113
		Aptian										117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian					489.5
				Aksaian	490.7 *
				Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian			494
		Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian				Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian	499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian	500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan	Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan	Early Cambrian					509
			Toyonian		Lenian †				510 *
			Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian						514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian						521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †				529
												538.8