PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Tarantian				0.0117
				Chibanian						Ionian				0.129
				Calabrian										0.774
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †		2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Serravallian										11.63
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
				Bartonian										37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Ypresian										47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian										56
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan								145
				Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan								149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan								150
						Heterian								154.5
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Callovian		Temaikan								164.3
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan								176
				Pliensbachian		Ururoan								184.2
				Pliensbachian		Aratauran								188.9
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian								201.4
				Norian		Warepan								208.5
						Otamitan								217
						Oretian								221
				Carnian		Oretian								227
				Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan								227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan								237
				Ladinian		Etalian								238
				Anisian		Etalian								242
				Anisian		Malakovian								246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian								247.2
				Olenekian		Nelsonian								249
Induan				251.2		Nelsonian
Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	Wordian		264.28
			Wordian		Barettian	Wordian		266
			Roadian			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
					Mangapirian			Cathedralian	276
								Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian						283.5
					Telfordian				285
					Telfordian	Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
									288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian					Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian						Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean						Shangsian	330.9
			Visean						Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian						Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan				Stage 5 †					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian					509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											1000
		Ectasian											1200
		Calymmian											1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian											1600
		Orosirian											1800
		Rhyacian											2050
		Siderian											2300
Archean	Neoarchean												2500
	Mesoarchean												2800
	Paleoarchean												3200
	Eoarchean												3600
Hadean													4000
														4600