PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125959 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean			Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean							0.129
					Irvingtonian							0.21
									Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian										0.774
					Blancan							1.4
									Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian		Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian			3
		Zanclean							Waipipian			3.6
									Opoitian			3.7
					Hemphillian				Opoitian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
					Clarendonian							9.4
								Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian										11.63
					Barstovian							12.5
									Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian			13.82
									Clifdenian			15.1
								Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian										15.98
					Hemingfordian							16.3
					Arikareean							18.5
									Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Waitakian			23.03
									Duntroonian			25.2
									Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
					Whitneyan							29.5
					Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian							33.9
								Arnold	Runangan			34.6
									Kaiatan			36.7
					Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian										37.71
									Bortonian			39.1
					Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
									Heretaungan			45.7
					Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian										47.8
									Mangaorapan			48.9
					Wasatchian				Mangaorapan			50.5
					Wasatchian				Waipawan			52
					Clarkforkian				Waipawan			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian				Teurian			56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian			Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian			Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian			Korangan		113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke			Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke			Puaroan		149.2
				Kawhia			Ohauan		150
							Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi			Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour			Otapirian		201.4
		Norian					Warepan		208.5
							Otamitan		217
							Oretian		221
		Carnian					Oretian		227
		Carnian		Gore			Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian					Etalian		238
		Anisian					Etalian		242
		Anisian					Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian		249
		Induan					Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan		DUrville			Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima			Flettian			259.51
		Wordian					Flettian			264.28
		Wordian					Barettian			266
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian			283.5
							Telfordian			285
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Gzhelian	Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian	Xiaodushanian			303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
			Huashibanian			318.5 *
			Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian			330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian			330.9
		Visean	Jiusian			335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Late Cambrian	Datsonian		485.4
		Stage 10				Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian				Iverian		489.5
		Paibian				Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Middle Cambrian	Mindyallan		Series 3 †		497
		Guzhangian				Boomerangian				499
		Drumian				Undillan				500.5
		Drumian				Floran				503
		Wuliuan				Templetonian			Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan				Ordian			Stage 5 †	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian	Ordian				509
		Stage 4								510.8 *
		Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8