PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126606 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of China	Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian									0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian									0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian										11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian								66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian							251.902
		Changhsingian			Baoqingian							253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian						Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Laibinian						Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan							259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian							264.28
		Roadian			Kuhfengian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian							273.01
		Artinskian			Luodianian							283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian							285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian							290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
						Xiaodushanian	300 *
							300.1
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
			Huashibanian			318.5 *
			Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian			330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian			330.9
		Visean	Jiusian			335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Tremadocian		477.7
		Tremadocian		Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian				489.5
				Aksaian				490.7 *
				Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian						494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian				Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan					Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan						509
				Toyonian		Lenian †				510 *
				Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian						514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian						521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †				529
												538.8