PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126002 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian			Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene					0.21
		Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean	Late Pliocene				Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene					3.6
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									4.7
								Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
								Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene					11.63
		Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian						Shanwangian						13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene					15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Xiejiaan						16.9
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene					23.03
						Monroecreekian								23.1 *
						Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan			Geringian			Early Oligocene					27.82
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene					29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene					33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene					37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene					37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene					47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene					56
		Thanetian	Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene					56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene					60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Gzhelian									Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian									Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian									Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian						315.2
								Huashibanian			318.5 *
								Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian				Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean				Shangsian		330.9
		Visean				Jiusian		335 *
		Tournaisian				Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian		Paibian			494
		Paibian		Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		Drumian	Wangcunian †			500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian				Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian					530.7
														538.8