PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125959 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of Western Europe	Silurian of England		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean									0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean									0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean									0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian									0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian									0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan									1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean										3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian									4.7
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian									9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian									11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian									12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
					Hemingfordian									16.3
					Arikareean									18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
					Whitneyan									29.5
					Orellan									31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian									33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean									37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean									37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian									46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian									47.8
					Wasatchian									50.5
					Clarkforkian									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian									56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian									56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian									59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian									60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian									61.6
				Danian	Puercan									63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras					168.2
				Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
				Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
Planulata						179.3 *
Planulata						Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
Kanense							181.3 *
Carlottense							182.3 *
Kunae							183.5 *
Kunae				Pliensbachian			184.2
Freboldi							185.1 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi							Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras							Canadensis	190.3 *
				Sinemurian				192.9
Pseudaetomoceras						Psiloceras		196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes		259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Artinskian					Autunian		283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
										Huashibanian	318.5 *
										Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian							Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean							Shangsian	330.9
			Visean							Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian							Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian									425.6
			Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian							Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Telychian									436.3 *
			Aeronian									438.5
			Aeronian							Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian							Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
			Katian									445.2
			Sandbian									453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
			Drumian										500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				538.8
		Cryogenian				635
		Tonian				720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				1000
		Ectasian				1200
		Calymmian				1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian				1600
		Orosirian				1800
		Rhyacian				2050
		Siderian				2300
Archean	Neoarchean					2500
	Mesoarchean					2800
	Paleoarchean					3200
	Eoarchean					3600
Hadean						4000
														4600