PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	Devonian Subages	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
			Hemingfordian							16.3
			Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
		Rupelian				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
			Whitneyan							29.5
			Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean			MP 16				37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan			MP 16				39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
			Wasatchian							50.5
			Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian			MP 6	MP 1 - 5			56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian			MP 6				56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian	Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian				358.9
					Middle Famennian				365.3 *
					Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian				372.2
					Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
					Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian				382.7
					Middle Givetian				383.7 *
					Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
										538.8