PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126165 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean												0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian			Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							Late Pleistocene					0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean							Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian			Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene					0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian			Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan			Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Yushean	Late Pliocene				Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene					3.6
			Hemphillian			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									4.7
									Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
			Clarendonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
									Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene					11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian							Shanwangian						13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene					15.98
			Hemingfordian			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
			Hemingfordian			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Xiejiaan						16.9
			Arikareean			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene					23.03
							Monroecreekian								23.1 *
							Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian		Kekeamuan			Geringian			Early Oligocene					27.82
			Whitneyan												29.5
			Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene					33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene					37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene					37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan			Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan			Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian		Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene					47.8
			Wasatchian			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
			Clarkforkian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene					56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian	Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene					56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian					To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene					60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian					To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian	Puercan					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian										293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Gzhelian										Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian										Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian										Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
									Huashibanian			318.5 *
									Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian		323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian		330.9
		Visean					Jiusian		335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian		Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		Paibian		494
		Paibian		Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †		497
		Drumian		Drumian	Wangcunian †			500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian				Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian					530.7
															538.8