PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126138 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean			Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene			Rancholabrean						0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan						Irvingtonian						0.21
													Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene									0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian						Blancan						1.4
													Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene							Mangapanian	Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene							Waipipian		3
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene							Waipipian		3.6
													Opoitian		3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Hemphillian				Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene						Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Clarendonian						9.4
												Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene									11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						Barstovian						12.5
													Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian		13.82
													Clifdenian		15.1
												Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene									15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Hemingfordian						16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					Arikareean						18.5
													Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene									23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
													Duntroonian		25.2
													Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene									27.82
									Whitneyan						29.5
									Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene			Chadronian						33.9
												Arnold	Runangan		34.6
													Kaiatan		36.7
									Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene									37.71
													Bortonian		39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
													Heretaungan		45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene									47.8
													Mangaorapan		48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Wasatchian				Mangaorapan		50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Wasatchian				Waipawan		52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Clarkforkian				Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene			Clarkforkian				Teurian		56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene			Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene			Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene			Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene	61.6		Torrejonian
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian							Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
									Mangaotanean		90.5
									Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan		93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
									Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan		100.5
									Urutawan		103.3
								Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian							Korangan		113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Gzhelian									Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian									Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian									Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
											Huashibanian	318.5 *
											Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian									Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	330.9								Shangsian
		Visean	Jiusian								335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Late Cambrian	Datsonian		485.4
							Payntonian		486.8 *
							Payntonian	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Iverian	Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Iverian	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Idamean	Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †	Middle Cambrian	Mindyallan	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian						Boomerangian		499
		Drumian						Undillan		500.5
		Drumian						Floran		503
		Wuliuan		Topazan	Templetonian			Stage 5 †		504.5
				Delamaran	Templetonian					506.5
					Ordian					507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Ordian	Waucoban †	Early Cambrian			509
										510.8 *
				Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran						514
				Montezuman						514.8 *
				Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
															538.8