PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene				0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
							Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene				0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
							Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian	Late Pliocene	Tertiary †			2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian	Late Pliocene				3
		Zanclean					Waipipian	Early Pliocene				3.6
							Opoitian					3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Opoitian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene				5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
						Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene				11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
							Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian					13.82
							Clifdenian					15.1
						Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene				15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
							Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian					20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene				23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
							Duntroonian					25.2
							Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene				27.82
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene				29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Late Eocene				33.9
						Arnold	Runangan					34.6
							Kaiatan					36.7
												37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene				37.71
							Bortonian					39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
							Heretaungan					45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene				47.8
							Mangaorapan					48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Mangaorapan					50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Waipawan					52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Waipawan					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Teurian	Late Paleocene				56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Late Paleocene				56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian					66
		Campanian					Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
							Mangaotanean			90.5
							Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan			93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
							Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan			100.5
							Urutawan			103.3
						Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian					Korangan			113
		Aptian								117.5
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
												509