PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125959 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene					0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean	Late Pliocene				Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene					3.6
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									4.7
						Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
						Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene					11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian				Shanwangian						13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene					15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Xiejiaan						16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene					23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian			Early Oligocene					27.82
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene					29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene					33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene					37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene					37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene					47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene					56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene					56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene					60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian				315.2
						Huashibanian			318.5 *
						Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian		330.9
		Visean		Jiusian		335 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian			427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian			Paibian		494
		Paibian			Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †		497
		Drumian			Drumian	Wangcunian †			500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian				530.7
												538.8