PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Lujanian						0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian									0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
								Ensenadan						0.3 *
				Calabrian										0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
								Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
				Gelasian				Sanandresian						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean					Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian				Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
				Zanclean				Chapadmalalan						3.6
								Montehermosan						3.7 *
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan						4.7
								Huayquerian						4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
								Chasicoan						7.9 *
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan						9.4
								Mayoan						9.9 *
								Laventan						10.9 *
				Serravallian										11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
								Colloncuran						13.7 *
				Langhian				Colloncuran						13.82
				Langhian				Friasian						15.4 *
				Burdigalian				Friasian						15.98
								Santacrucian						16.2 *
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian						16.3
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
				Aquitanian				Deseadan						20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
						Monroecreekian								23.1 *
						Geringian								24.7 *
				Rupelian										27.82
								Tinguirirican						28.9 *
														29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									33.9
					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan						35.9 *
														37
				Bartonian										37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian										41.2
								Mustersan						41.9 *
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
				Ypresian										47.8
								Casamayoran						47.9 *
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican						56
							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican						56.2
								Itaboraian						56.9 *
								Peligran						58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1							60.9
				Danian										61.6
								Tiupampan						62.4 *
							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan						63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Senonian		66
				Campanian										72.1
Santonian				83.6
Coniacian				86.3
Turonian				89.8
Cenomanian				93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian	Gallic						100.5
			Aptian							113
			Barremian							121.4
			Hauterivian	Neocomian						125.77
			Valanginian							132.6
			Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
			Kimmeridgian							149.2
			Oxfordian						154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
			Bathonian						165.3
			Bajocian						168.2
			Aalenian						170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
			Pliensbachian						184.2
			Sinemurian						192.9
			Hettangian						199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian							Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian								305.9
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Stage 10			Niuchehean		Sunwaptan			487.5
			Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan			489.5
			Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian		Steptoean			493 *
			Paibian			Paibian					494
			Paibian			Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †			Series 3 †	497
			Drumian	Drumian	Marjumian		500.5	Wangcunian †
			Wuliuan	Topazan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †	504.5
			Wuliuan	Delamaran	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †	506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †	Duyunian					509
			Stage 4	Dyeran		Duyunian					511 *
			Stage 3	Dyeran		Nangaoian					514
				Montezuman							514.8 *
				Begadean							519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian					521
			Fortunian			Meishucunian					529
			Fortunian			Jinnigian					530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										1000
		Ectasian										1200
		Calymmian										1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian										1600
		Orosirian										1800
		Rhyacian										2050
		Siderian										2300
Archean	Neoarchean											2500
	Mesoarchean											2800
	Paleoarchean											3200
	Eoarchean											3600
Hadean												4000
														4600